diff --git a/lua/avante/llm.lua b/lua/avante/llm.lua
index 2594a6d..d16883a 100644
--- a/lua/avante/llm.lua
+++ b/lua/avante/llm.lua
@@ -67,31 +67,43 @@ function M.generate_prompts(opts)
 
   if opts.project_context ~= nil and opts.project_context ~= "" and opts.project_context ~= "null" then
     local project_context = Path.prompts.render_file("_project.avanterules", template_opts)
-    if project_context ~= "" then table.insert(messages, { role = "user", content = project_context }) end
+    if project_context ~= "" then
+      table.insert(messages, { role = "user", content = { { type = "text", text = project_context } } })
+    end
   end
 
   if opts.diagnostics ~= nil and opts.diagnostics ~= "" and opts.diagnostics ~= "null" then
     local diagnostics = Path.prompts.render_file("_diagnostics.avanterules", template_opts)
-    if diagnostics ~= "" then table.insert(messages, { role = "user", content = diagnostics }) end
+    if diagnostics ~= "" then
+      table.insert(messages, { role = "user", content = { { type = "text", text = diagnostics } } })
+    end
   end
 
   if (opts.selected_files and #opts.selected_files > 0 or false) or opts.selected_code ~= nil then
     local code_context = Path.prompts.render_file("_context.avanterules", template_opts)
-    if code_context ~= "" then table.insert(messages, { role = "user", content = code_context }) end
+    if code_context ~= "" then
+      table.insert(messages, { role = "user", content = { { type = "text", text = code_context } } })
+    end
   end
 
   if instructions then
     if opts.use_xml_format then
-      table.insert(messages, { role = "user", content = string.format("<question>%s</question>", instructions) })
+      table.insert(messages, {
+        role = "user",
+        content = { { type = "text", text = string.format("<question>%s</question>", instructions) } },
+      })
     else
-      table.insert(messages, { role = "user", content = string.format("QUESTION:\n%s", instructions) })
+      table.insert(
+        messages,
+        { role = "user", content = { { type = "text", text = string.format("QUESTION:\n%s", instructions) } } }
+      )
     end
   end
 
   local remaining_tokens = max_tokens - Utils.tokens.calculate_tokens(system_prompt)
 
   for _, message in ipairs(messages) do
-    remaining_tokens = remaining_tokens - Utils.tokens.calculate_tokens(message.content)
+    remaining_tokens = remaining_tokens - Utils.tokens.calculate_message_content_tokens(message.content)
   end
 
   if opts.history_messages then
@@ -100,7 +112,7 @@ function M.generate_prompts(opts)
     local history_messages = {}
     for i = #opts.history_messages, 1, -1 do
       local message = opts.history_messages[i]
-      local tokens = Utils.tokens.calculate_tokens(message.content)
+      local tokens = Utils.tokens.calculate_message_content_tokens(message.content)
       remaining_tokens = remaining_tokens - tokens
       if remaining_tokens > 0 then
         table.insert(history_messages, message)
@@ -126,7 +138,7 @@ Merge all changes from the <update> snippet into the <code> below.
       user_prompt = user_prompt .. string.format("<update>\n%s\n</update>\n", snippet)
     end
     user_prompt = user_prompt .. "Provide the complete updated code."
-    table.insert(messages, { role = "user", content = user_prompt })
+    table.insert(messages, { role = "user", content = { { type = "text", text = user_prompt } } })
   end
 
   ---@type AvantePromptOptions
@@ -145,7 +157,7 @@ function M.calculate_tokens(opts)
   local prompt_opts = M.generate_prompts(opts)
   local tokens = Utils.tokens.calculate_tokens(prompt_opts.system_prompt)
   for _, message in ipairs(prompt_opts.messages) do
-    tokens = tokens + Utils.tokens.calculate_tokens(message.content)
+    tokens = tokens + Utils.tokens.calculate_message_content_tokens(message.content)
   end
   return tokens
 end
diff --git a/lua/avante/path.lua b/lua/avante/path.lua
index e404a45..30cc5cd 100644
--- a/lua/avante/path.lua
+++ b/lua/avante/path.lua
@@ -5,18 +5,6 @@ local Path = require("plenary.path")
 local Scan = require("plenary.scandir")
 local Config = require("avante.config")
 
----@class avante.ChatHistoryEntry
----@field timestamp string
----@field provider string
----@field model string
----@field request string
----@field response string
----@field original_response string
----@field selected_file {filepath: string}?
----@field selected_code {filetype: string, content: string}?
----@field reset_memory boolean?
----@field selected_filepaths string[] | nil
-
 ---@class avante.Path
 ---@field history_path Path
 ---@field cache_path Path
diff --git a/lua/avante/providers/bedrock/claude.lua b/lua/avante/providers/bedrock/claude.lua
index d018780..d9bf2ee 100644
--- a/lua/avante/providers/bedrock/claude.lua
+++ b/lua/avante/providers/bedrock/claude.lua
@@ -16,74 +16,7 @@ M.role_map = {
   assistant = "assistant",
 }
 
-function M.parse_messages(opts)
-  ---@type AvanteBedrockClaudeMessage[]
-  local messages = {}
-
-  for _, message in ipairs(opts.messages) do
-    table.insert(messages, {
-      role = M.role_map[message.role],
-      content = {
-        {
-          type = "text",
-          text = message.content,
-        },
-      },
-    })
-  end
-
-  if opts.tool_histories then
-    for _, tool_history in ipairs(opts.tool_histories) do
-      if tool_history.tool_use then
-        local msg = {
-          role = "assistant",
-          content = {},
-        }
-        if tool_history.tool_use.thinking_contents then
-          for _, thinking_content in ipairs(tool_history.tool_use.thinking_contents) do
-            msg.content[#msg.content + 1] = {
-              type = "thinking",
-              thinking = thinking_content.content,
-              signature = thinking_content.signature,
-            }
-          end
-        end
-        if tool_history.tool_use.response_contents then
-          for _, response_content in ipairs(tool_history.tool_use.response_contents) do
-            msg.content[#msg.content + 1] = {
-              type = "text",
-              text = response_content,
-            }
-          end
-        end
-        msg.content[#msg.content + 1] = {
-          type = "tool_use",
-          id = tool_history.tool_use.id,
-          name = tool_history.tool_use.name,
-          input = vim.json.decode(tool_history.tool_use.input_json),
-        }
-        messages[#messages + 1] = msg
-      end
-
-      if tool_history.tool_result then
-        messages[#messages + 1] = {
-          role = "user",
-          content = {
-            {
-              type = "tool_result",
-              tool_use_id = tool_history.tool_result.tool_use_id,
-              content = tool_history.tool_result.content,
-              is_error = tool_history.tool_result.is_error,
-            },
-          },
-        }
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  return messages
-end
-
+M.parse_messages = Claude.parse_messages
 M.parse_response = Claude.parse_response
 
 ---@param prompt_opts AvantePromptOptions
diff --git a/lua/avante/providers/claude.lua b/lua/avante/providers/claude.lua
index 5c0fcbe..a16622a 100644
--- a/lua/avante/providers/claude.lua
+++ b/lua/avante/providers/claude.lua
@@ -43,7 +43,10 @@ function M.parse_messages(opts)
   ---@type {idx: integer, length: integer}[]
   local messages_with_length = {}
   for idx, message in ipairs(opts.messages) do
-    table.insert(messages_with_length, { idx = idx, length = Utils.tokens.calculate_tokens(message.content) })
+    table.insert(
+      messages_with_length,
+      { idx = idx, length = Utils.tokens.calculate_message_content_tokens(message.content) }
+    )
   end
 
   table.sort(messages_with_length, function(a, b) return a.length > b.length end)
@@ -55,15 +58,46 @@ function M.parse_messages(opts)
   end
 
   for idx, message in ipairs(opts.messages) do
+    local content = {}
+    if type(message.content) == "string" then
+      table.insert(content, {
+        type = "text",
+        text = message.content,
+        cache_control = top_three[idx] and { type = "ephemeral" } or nil,
+      })
+    else
+      local message_content = message.content
+      ---@cast message_content AvanteLLMMessageContentItem[]
+      for _, item in ipairs(message_content) do
+        if type(item) == "string" then
+          table.insert(content, {
+            type = "text",
+            text = item,
+            cache_control = top_three[idx] and { type = "ephemeral" } or nil,
+          })
+        elseif item.type == "text" then
+          table.insert(content, {
+            type = "text",
+            text = item.text,
+            cache_control = top_three[idx] and { type = "ephemeral" } or nil,
+          })
+        elseif item.type == "thinking" then
+          table.insert(content, {
+            type = "thinking",
+            thinking = item.thinking,
+            signature = item.signature,
+          })
+        elseif item.type == "redacted_thinking" then
+          table.insert(content, {
+            type = "redacted_thinking",
+            data = item.data,
+          })
+        end
+      end
+    end
     table.insert(messages, {
       role = M.role_map[message.role],
-      content = {
-        {
-          type = "text",
-          text = message.content,
-          cache_control = top_three[idx] and { type = "ephemeral" } or nil,
-        },
-      },
+      content = content,
     })
   end
 
@@ -89,12 +123,20 @@ function M.parse_messages(opts)
           role = "assistant",
           content = {},
         }
-        if tool_history.tool_use.thinking_contents then
-          for _, thinking_content in ipairs(tool_history.tool_use.thinking_contents) do
+        if tool_history.tool_use.thinking_blocks then
+          for _, thinking_block in ipairs(tool_history.tool_use.thinking_blocks) do
             msg.content[#msg.content + 1] = {
               type = "thinking",
-              thinking = thinking_content.content,
-              signature = thinking_content.signature,
+              thinking = thinking_block.thinking,
+              signature = thinking_block.signature,
+            }
+          end
+        end
+        if tool_history.tool_use.redacted_thinking_blocks then
+          for _, thinking_block in ipairs(tool_history.tool_use.redacted_thinking_blocks) do
+            msg.content[#msg.content + 1] = {
+              type = "redacted_thinking",
+              data = thinking_block.data,
             }
           end
         end
@@ -135,6 +177,8 @@ function M.parse_messages(opts)
 end
 
 function M.parse_response(ctx, data_stream, event_state, opts)
+  if ctx.resp_filename == nil then ctx.resp_filename = vim.fn.tempname() .. ".txt" end
+  vim.fn.writefile({ data_stream }, ctx.resp_filename, "a")
   if event_state == nil then
     if data_stream:match('"message_start"') then
       event_state = "message_start"
@@ -208,24 +252,33 @@ function M.parse_response(ctx, data_stream, event_state, opts)
             :filter(function(content_block_) return content_block_.stoppped and content_block_.type == "text" end)
             :map(function(content_block_) return content_block_.text end)
             :totable()
-          local thinking_contents = vim
+          local thinking_blocks = vim
             .iter(ctx.content_blocks)
             :filter(function(content_block_) return content_block_.stoppped and content_block_.type == "thinking" end)
             :map(
               function(content_block_)
-                return { content = content_block_.thinking, signature = content_block_.signature }
+                return { thinking = content_block_.thinking, signature = content_block_.signature }
               end
             )
             :totable()
+          local redacted_thinking_blocks = vim
+            .iter(ctx.content_blocks)
+            :filter(
+              function(content_block_) return content_block_.stoppped and content_block_.type == "redacted_thinking" end
+            )
+            :map(function(content_block_) return { data = content_block_.data } end)
+            :totable()
           return {
             name = content_block.name,
             id = content_block.id,
             input_json = content_block.input_json,
             response_contents = response_contents,
-            thinking_contents = thinking_contents,
+            thinking_blocks = thinking_blocks,
+            redacted_thinking_blocks = redacted_thinking_blocks,
           }
         end)
         :totable()
+      Utils.debug("resp filename", ctx.resp_filename)
       opts.on_stop({
         reason = "tool_use",
         usage = jsn.usage,
diff --git a/lua/avante/providers/gemini.lua b/lua/avante/providers/gemini.lua
index a891e4e..5b679e5 100644
--- a/lua/avante/providers/gemini.lua
+++ b/lua/avante/providers/gemini.lua
@@ -33,9 +33,15 @@ function M.parse_messages(opts)
       end
     end
     prev_role = role
-    table.insert(contents, { role = M.role_map[role] or role, parts = {
-      { text = message.content },
-    } })
+    local parts = {}
+    for _, item in ipairs(message.content) do
+      if type(item) == "string" then
+        table.insert(parts, { text = item })
+      elseif item.type == "text" then
+        table.insert(parts, { text = item.text })
+      end
+    end
+    table.insert(contents, { role = M.role_map[role] or role, parts = parts })
   end)
 
   if Clipboard.support_paste_image() and opts.image_paths then
diff --git a/lua/avante/providers/openai.lua b/lua/avante/providers/openai.lua
index 9eff43a..c6f3fd9 100644
--- a/lua/avante/providers/openai.lua
+++ b/lua/avante/providers/openai.lua
@@ -71,18 +71,30 @@ function M.parse_messages(opts)
   -- NOTE: Handle the case where the selected model is the `o1` model
   -- "o1" models are "smart" enough to understand user prompt as a system prompt in this context
   if M.is_o_series_model(base.model) then
-    table.insert(messages, { role = "user", content = opts.system_prompt })
+    table.insert(messages, { role = "user", content = { { type = "text", text = opts.system_prompt } } })
   else
     table.insert(messages, { role = "system", content = opts.system_prompt })
   end
 
-  vim
-    .iter(opts.messages)
-    :each(function(msg) table.insert(messages, { role = M.role_map[msg.role], content = msg.content }) end)
+  vim.iter(opts.messages):each(function(msg)
+    if type(msg.content) == "string" then
+      table.insert(messages, { role = M.role_map[msg.role], content = msg.content })
+    else
+      local content = {}
+      for _, item in ipairs(msg.content) do
+        if type(item) == "string" then
+          table.insert(content, { type = "text", text = item })
+        elseif item.type == "text" then
+          table.insert(content, { type = "text", text = item.text })
+        end
+      end
+      table.insert(messages, { role = M.role_map[msg.role], content = content })
+    end
+  end)
 
   if Config.behaviour.support_paste_from_clipboard and opts.image_paths and #opts.image_paths > 0 then
     local message_content = messages[#messages].content
-    if type(message_content) ~= "table" then message_content = { type = "text", text = message_content } end
+    if type(message_content) == "string" then message_content = { { type = "text", text = message_content } } end
     for _, image_path in ipairs(opts.image_paths) do
       table.insert(message_content, {
         type = "image_url",
@@ -103,7 +115,7 @@ function M.parse_messages(opts)
       if role == M.role_map["user"] then
         table.insert(final_messages, { role = M.role_map["assistant"], content = "Ok, I understand." })
       else
-        table.insert(final_messages, { role = M.role_map["user"], content = "Ok" })
+        table.insert(final_messages, { role = M.role_map["user"], content = { { type = "text", text = "Ok" } } })
       end
     end
     prev_role = role
diff --git a/lua/avante/sidebar.lua b/lua/avante/sidebar.lua
index c373f62..5de6e0c 100644
--- a/lua/avante/sidebar.lua
+++ b/lua/avante/sidebar.lua
@@ -392,6 +392,7 @@ local function transform_result_content(selected_files, result_content, prev_fil
     elseif line_content == "<think>" then
       is_thinking = true
       last_think_tag_start_line = i
+      last_think_tag_end_line = 0
     elseif line_content == "</think>" then
       is_thinking = false
       last_think_tag_end_line = i
@@ -2356,6 +2357,7 @@ function Sidebar:create_input_container(opts)
       end
     end
 
+    ---@type AvanteLLMMessage[]
     local history_messages = {}
     for i = #chat_history, 1, -1 do
       local entry = chat_history[i]
@@ -2368,11 +2370,9 @@ function Sidebar:create_input_container(opts)
       then
         break
       end
-      table.insert(
-        history_messages,
-        1,
-        { role = "assistant", content = Utils.trim_think_content(entry.original_response) }
-      )
+      local assistant_content = {}
+      table.insert(assistant_content, { type = "text", text = Utils.trim_think_content(entry.original_response) })
+      table.insert(history_messages, 1, { role = "assistant", content = assistant_content })
       local user_content = ""
       if entry.selected_file ~= nil then
         user_content = user_content .. "SELECTED FILE: " .. entry.selected_file.filepath .. "\n\n"
@@ -2386,9 +2386,18 @@ function Sidebar:create_input_container(opts)
           .. "\n```\n\n"
       end
       user_content = user_content .. "USER PROMPT:\n\n" .. entry.request
-      table.insert(history_messages, 1, { role = "user", content = user_content })
+      table.insert(history_messages, 1, {
+        role = "user",
+        content = {
+          {
+            type = "text",
+            text = user_content,
+          },
+        },
+      })
     end
 
+    ---@type AvanteGeneratePromptsOptions
     return {
       ask = opts.ask or true,
       project_context = vim.json.encode(project_context),
diff --git a/lua/avante/suggestion.lua b/lua/avante/suggestion.lua
index 10451f3..fee4782 100644
--- a/lua/avante/suggestion.lua
+++ b/lua/avante/suggestion.lua
@@ -78,7 +78,10 @@ function Suggestion:suggest()
   local history_messages = {
     {
       role = "user",
-      content = [[
+      content = {
+        {
+          type = "text",
+          text = [[
 <filepath>a.py</filepath>
 <code>
 L1: def fib
@@ -87,7 +90,9 @@ L3: if __name__ == "__main__":
 L4:     # just pass
 L5:     pass
 </code>
-      ]],
+]],
+        },
+      },
     },
     {
       role = "assistant",
@@ -95,7 +100,12 @@ L5:     pass
     },
     {
       role = "user",
-      content = '<question>{"insertSpaces":true,"tabSize":4,"indentSize":4,"position":{"row":1,"col":7}}</question>',
+      content = {
+        {
+          type = "text",
+          text = '<question>{"insertSpaces":true,"tabSize":4,"indentSize":4,"position":{"row":1,"col":7}}</question>',
+        },
+      },
     },
     {
       role = "assistant",
@@ -126,7 +136,7 @@ L5:     pass
     },
   ]
 ]
-      ]],
+          ]],
     },
   }
 
diff --git a/lua/avante/types.lua b/lua/avante/types.lua
index fc214b4..7ed0cd1 100644
--- a/lua/avante/types.lua
+++ b/lua/avante/types.lua
@@ -76,9 +76,13 @@ vim.g.avante_login = vim.g.avante_login
 ---@field on_chunk AvanteLLMChunkCallback
 ---@field on_stop AvanteLLMStopCallback
 ---
+---@alias AvanteLLMMessageContentItem string | { type: "text", text: string } | { type: "thinking", thinking: string, signature: string } | { type: "redacted_thinking", data: string }
+---
+---@alias AvanteLLMMessageContent AvanteLLMMessageContentItem[] | string
+---
 ---@class AvanteLLMMessage
 ---@field role "user" | "assistant"
----@field content string
+---@field content AvanteLLMMessageContent
 ---
 ---@class AvanteLLMToolResult
 ---@field tool_name string
@@ -227,11 +231,19 @@ vim.g.avante_login = vim.g.avante_login
 ---@field id string
 ---@field input_json string
 ---@field response_contents? string[]
----@field thinking_contents? { content: string, signature: string }[]
+---@field thinking_blocks? AvanteLLMThinkingBlock[]
+---@field redacted_thinking_blocks? AvanteLLMRedactedThinkingBlock[]
 ---
 ---@class AvanteLLMStartCallbackOptions
 ---@field usage? AvanteLLMUsage
 ---
+---@class AvanteLLMThinkingBlock
+---@field thinking string
+---@field signature string
+---
+---@class AvanteLLMRedactedThinkingBlock
+---@field data string
+---
 ---@class AvanteLLMStopCallbackOptions
 ---@field reason "complete" | "tool_use" | "error" | "rate_limit"
 ---@field error? string | table
@@ -343,3 +355,15 @@ vim.g.avante_login = vim.g.avante_login
 ---@field description string
 ---@field type string
 ---@field optional? boolean
+
+---@class avante.ChatHistoryEntry
+---@field timestamp string
+---@field provider string
+---@field model string
+---@field request string
+---@field response string
+---@field original_response string
+---@field selected_file {filepath: string}?
+---@field selected_code {filetype: string, content: string}?
+---@field reset_memory boolean?
+---@field selected_filepaths string[] | nil
diff --git a/lua/avante/utils/tokens.lua b/lua/avante/utils/tokens.lua
index 4f1382d..1193f99 100644
--- a/lua/avante/utils/tokens.lua
+++ b/lua/avante/utils/tokens.lua
@@ -9,6 +9,21 @@ local cost_per_token = {
   davinci = 0.000002,
 }
 
+---@param content AvanteLLMMessageContent
+---@return integer
+function Tokens.calculate_message_content_tokens(content)
+  if type(content) == "string" then return Tokens.calculate_tokens(content) end
+  local tokens = 0
+  for _, item in ipairs(content) do
+    if type(item) == "string" then
+      tokens = tokens + Tokens.calculate_tokens(item)
+    elseif item.type == "text" then
+      tokens = tokens + Tokens.calculate_tokens(item.text)
+    end
+  end
+  return tokens
+end
+
 --- Calculate the number of tokens in a given text.
 ---@param text string The text to calculate the number of tokens for.
 ---@return integer The number of tokens in the given text.