Explain how attention mechanisms work in transformers
What is the difference between self-attention and cross-attention?
Describe the transformer architecture and its key components
How does gradient descent optimize neural network parameters?
What is the purpose of layer normalization in deep learning?
Explain the concept of embeddings in natural language processing
Describe how positional encoding works in transformers
What is the role of the feed-forward network in transformer blocks?
How does backpropagation compute gradients through the network?
Explain the difference between training and inference in machine learning
What is the purpose of dropout regularization?
Describe how tokenization converts text into numerical representations
Explain the concept of batch processing in neural network training
What is the learning rate and why is it important?
How does the Adam optimizer differ from standard gradient descent?
Describe the multi-head attention mechanism
What is causal masking and why is it used in language models?
Explain how text generation works in autoregressive models
What is temperature in sampling and how does it affect generation?
Describe the difference between top-k and top-p sampling strategies
How do residual connections help in training deep networks?
What is the purpose of the softmax function in neural networks?
Explain how KV caching improves inference performance
What are the advantages of using pre-normalization in transformers?
Describe the mathematical formulation of the attention mechanism
How does mixed precision training reduce memory usage?
What is gradient clipping and when is it necessary?
Explain the concept of perplexity as a language model metric
How does data augmentation improve model generalization?
What is the difference between fine-tuning and transfer learning?
Describe how transformers process variable-length sequences
What is the purpose of the vocabulary in tokenization?
Explain how learning rate scheduling improves training
How do transformers handle long-range dependencies in text?
What is the difference between encoder and decoder architectures?
Describe the role of activation functions in neural networks
How does weight initialization affect training dynamics?
What is the purpose of the loss function in model training?
Explain how batching improves training efficiency
Describe the concept of overfitting and how to prevent it
What is the difference between supervised and unsupervised learning?
How do transformers compare to recurrent neural networks?
Explain the concept of transfer learning in deep learning
What is the purpose of the validation set in machine learning?
Describe how early stopping prevents overfitting
What is the difference between training loss and validation loss?
How does data preprocessing improve model performance?
Explain the concept of feature extraction in neural networks
What is the purpose of the test set in model evaluation?
Describe how cross-validation works in machine learning
The transformer architecture revolutionized natural language processing by introducing
Attention mechanisms allow models to focus on relevant parts of the input sequence when
In deep learning, the optimization process involves iteratively updating model parameters to
Neural networks learn representations by transforming input data through multiple layers of
The key innovation of transformers is their ability to process sequences in parallel rather than
Gradient descent optimization works by computing the derivative of the loss function with respect to
Layer normalization stabilizes training by normalizing activations across the feature dimension to
Embeddings convert discrete tokens into continuous vector representations that capture semantic
Positional encoding provides information about token positions in sequences since transformers lack
The feed-forward network in transformers applies two linear transformations with a non-linear activation to
Backpropagation efficiently computes gradients by applying the chain rule of calculus through the computational
During inference, models generate predictions without updating parameters, which makes it different from
Dropout regularization randomly sets a fraction of activations to zero during training to prevent
Tokenization is the process of breaking text into smaller units called tokens that can be processed by
Batch processing groups multiple examples together to compute gradients more efficiently and stabilize
The learning rate controls the step size during optimization, and choosing the right value is crucial for
Adam optimizer combines the benefits of momentum and adaptive learning rates to achieve faster
Multi-head attention allows the model to attend to information from different representation subspaces
Causal masking ensures that during training, tokens can only attend to previous tokens, maintaining the
Autoregressive generation produces text one token at a time, using previously generated tokens as input for
Temperature scaling adjusts the randomness of sampling by dividing logits before applying softmax, where lower
Top-k sampling restricts the sampling space to the k most likely tokens, while top-p sampling uses nucleus
Residual connections enable gradient flow through deep networks by adding the input directly to the output of
Softmax converts logits into probability distributions by exponentiating and normalizing values, ensuring that
KV caching stores previously computed key and value matrices to avoid redundant computations during autoregressive
Pre-normalization places layer normalization before sublayers, which has been shown to improve training stability
The attention mechanism computes a weighted sum of values, where weights are determined by the similarity between
Mixed precision training uses both float16 and float32 operations to reduce memory consumption while maintaining
Gradient clipping prevents exploding gradients by limiting the norm of gradients to a maximum value, which is
Perplexity measures how well a language model predicts a sequence, with lower values indicating better
Data augmentation creates variations of training examples to increase dataset diversity and improve model
Fine-tuning adapts a pre-trained model to a specific task by continuing training on task-specific data, which
Transformers handle variable-length sequences by using padding and attention masks to ignore irrelevant
The vocabulary defines the set of all possible tokens that the model can process, and its size affects
Learning rate scheduling adjusts the learning rate during training, often starting high and decreasing over
Transformers excel at capturing long-range dependencies because attention can directly connect any two positions
Encoder architectures are designed for understanding tasks, while decoder architectures are optimized for
Activation functions introduce non-linearity into neural networks, enabling them to learn complex
Weight initialization sets the initial values of parameters, and proper initialization is critical for
The loss function quantifies how far model predictions are from ground truth, guiding the optimization
Batching improves efficiency by parallelizing computations across multiple examples, reducing the variance of
Overfitting occurs when a model memorizes training data instead of learning generalizable patterns, which can be
Supervised learning uses labeled data, while unsupervised learning finds patterns in unlabeled data without
Transformers replaced RNNs in many applications because they can process sequences in parallel and capture
Transfer learning leverages knowledge from pre-trained models on large datasets to improve performance on
The validation set is used to tune hyperparameters and monitor training progress without affecting the
Early stopping terminates training when validation performance stops improving, preventing overfitting and
Training loss measures performance on seen data, while validation loss indicates generalization to unseen
Data preprocessing transforms raw data into a format suitable for model training, including normalization
Feature extraction learns meaningful representations from raw input data, enabling models to identify patterns
