build: upgrade jasmine (and related typings) to latest version (#19904)

With these changes, the types are a little stricter now and also not
compatible with Protractor's jasmine-like syntax. So, we have to also
use `@types/jasminewd2` for e2e tests (but not for non-e2e tests).

I also had to "augment" `@types/jasminewd2`, because the latest
typings from [DefinitelyTyped][1] do not reflect the fact that the
`jasminewd2` version (v2.1.0) currently used by Protractor supports
passing a `done` callback to a spec.

[1]: 566e039485/types/jasminewd2/index.d.ts (L9-L15)

Fixes #23952
Closes #24733

PR Close #19904

packages/compiler-cli/test/ngc_spec.ts

@@ -1747,7 +1747,7 @@ describe('ngc transformer command-line', () => {
       const exitCode =
           main(['-p', path.join(basePath, 'src/tsconfig.json')], message => messages.push(message));
       expect(exitCode).toBe(1, 'Compile was expected to fail');
-      expect(messages[0]).toContain(['Tagged template expressions are not supported in metadata']);
+      expect(messages[0]).toContain('Tagged template expressions are not supported in metadata');
     });
 
     // Regression: #20076