build: upgrade jasmine (and related typings) to latest version (#19904)

With these changes, the types are a little stricter now and also not
compatible with Protractor's jasmine-like syntax. So, we have to also
use `@types/jasminewd2` for e2e tests (but not for non-e2e tests).

I also had to "augment" `@types/jasminewd2`, because the latest
typings from [DefinitelyTyped][1] do not reflect the fact that the
`jasminewd2` version (v2.1.0) currently used by Protractor supports
passing a `done` callback to a spec.

[1]: 566e039485/types/jasminewd2/index.d.ts (L9-L15)

Fixes #23952
Closes #24733

PR Close #19904

packages/compiler-cli/test/transformers/node_emitter_spec.ts

@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ describe('TypeScriptNodeEmitter', () => {
           generatedColumn: 0,
           originalLine: 1,
           originalColumn: 0,
-          name: null
+          name: null !  // TODO: Review use of `!` here (#19904)
         },
         {
           source: sourceUrl,
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ describe('TypeScriptNodeEmitter', () => {
           generatedColumn: 16,
           originalLine: 1,
           originalColumn: 26,
-          name: null
+          name: null !  // TODO: Review use of `!` here (#19904)
         }
       ]);
     });