build: upgrade jasmine (and related typings) to latest version (#19904)

With these changes, the types are a little stricter now and also not
compatible with Protractor's jasmine-like syntax. So, we have to also
use `@types/jasminewd2` for e2e tests (but not for non-e2e tests).

I also had to "augment" `@types/jasminewd2`, because the latest
typings from [DefinitelyTyped][1] do not reflect the fact that the
`jasminewd2` version (v2.1.0) currently used by Protractor supports
passing a `done` callback to a spec.

[1]: 566e039485/types/jasminewd2/index.d.ts (L9-L15)

Fixes #23952
Closes #24733

PR Close #19904

packages/core/test/reflection/reflector_spec.ts

@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ class TestObj {
         // But we should still get an array of the right length based on function.length.
         expect(reflector.parameters(ChildWithCtorNoDecorator)).toEqual([
           undefined, undefined, undefined
-        ]);
+        ] as any[]);  // TODO: Review use of `any` here (#19904)
 
         expect(reflector.parameters(NoDecorators)).toEqual([]);
         expect(reflector.parameters(<any>{})).toEqual([]);