build: upgrade jasmine (and related typings) to latest version (#19904)

With these changes, the types are a little stricter now and also not
compatible with Protractor's jasmine-like syntax. So, we have to also
use `@types/jasminewd2` for e2e tests (but not for non-e2e tests).

I also had to "augment" `@types/jasminewd2`, because the latest
typings from [DefinitelyTyped][1] do not reflect the fact that the
`jasminewd2` version (v2.1.0) currently used by Protractor supports
passing a `done` callback to a spec.

[1]: 566e039485/types/jasminewd2/index.d.ts (L9-L15)

Fixes #23952
Closes #24733

PR Close #19904

packages/platform-browser/test/testing_public_spec.ts

@@ -809,7 +809,7 @@ class CompWithUrlTemplate {
 
     describe('errors', () => {
       let originalJasmineIt: (description: string, func: () => void) => jasmine.Spec;
-      let originalJasmineBeforeEach: (beforeEachFunction: () => void) => void;
+      let originalJasmineBeforeEach: (beforeEachFunction: (done: DoneFn) => void) => void;
 
       const patchJasmineIt = () => {
         let resolve: (result: any) => void;