build: upgrade jasmine (and related typings) to latest version (#19904)

With these changes, the types are a little stricter now and also not
compatible with Protractor's jasmine-like syntax. So, we have to also
use `@types/jasminewd2` for e2e tests (but not for non-e2e tests).

I also had to "augment" `@types/jasminewd2`, because the latest
typings from [DefinitelyTyped][1] do not reflect the fact that the
`jasminewd2` version (v2.1.0) currently used by Protractor supports
passing a `done` callback to a spec.

[1]: 566e039485/types/jasminewd2/index.d.ts (L9-L15)

Fixes #23952
Closes #24733

PR Close #19904

packages/router/test/recognize.spec.ts

@@ -799,7 +799,7 @@ function checkActivatedRoute(
   } else {
     expect(actual.url.map(s => s.path).join('/')).toEqual(url);
     expect(actual.params).toEqual(params);
-    expect(actual.component).toBe(cmp);
+    expect(actual.component as any).toBe(cmp);
     expect(actual.outlet).toEqual(outlet);
   }
 }