build: upgrade jasmine (and related typings) to latest version (#19904)

With these changes, the types are a little stricter now and also not
compatible with Protractor's jasmine-like syntax. So, we have to also
use `@types/jasminewd2` for e2e tests (but not for non-e2e tests).

I also had to "augment" `@types/jasminewd2`, because the latest
typings from [DefinitelyTyped][1] do not reflect the fact that the
`jasminewd2` version (v2.1.0) currently used by Protractor supports
passing a `done` callback to a spec.

[1]: 566e039485/types/jasminewd2/index.d.ts (L9-L15)

Fixes #23952
Closes #24733

PR Close #19904

tools/public_api_guard/router/router.d.ts

@@ -533,9 +533,7 @@ export declare abstract class UrlSerializer {
 export declare class UrlTree {
     fragment: string | null;
     readonly queryParamMap: ParamMap;
-    queryParams: {
-        [key: string]: string;
-    };
+    queryParams: Params;
     root: UrlSegmentGroup;
     toString(): string;
 }