fix(ivy): use goog.LOCALE for Closure Compiler to define default LOCALE_ID (#31519)

Prior to this commit, default value for LOCALE_ID was not setup for Closure Compiler. In Closure Compiler, we can use `goog.LOCALE` as a default value, which will be replaced at build time with current locale.

PR Close #31519

packages/goog.d.ts

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ declare namespace goog {
    * as it is sometimes true.
    */
   export const DEBUG: boolean;
+  export const LOCALE: string;
   export const getMsg: (input: string, placeholders?: {[key: string]: string}) => string;
 }