fix(ivy): align TestBed.overrideProvider with what happens with providers in TestBed providers array (#33769)

In Ivy, if you do:
`TestBed.configureTestingModule({providers: [{provide: Service}]});`
the injector will attempt to inject Service as if it was simply listed
in the providers array like `{providers: [Service]}`
This fixes an inconsistency when similarly providing an override with no
`useValue` or `useFactory`.

PR Close #33769

packages/core/test/test_bed_spec.ts

@@ -989,4 +989,17 @@ describe('TestBed', () => {
                  .toEqual(originalResolver);
            });
       });
+
+  onlyInIvy('VE injects undefined when provider does not have useValue or useFactory')
+      .describe('overrides provider', () => {
+        it('with empty provider object', () => {
+          @Injectable()
+          class Service {
+          }
+          TestBed.overrideProvider(Service, {});
+          // Should be able to get a Service instance because it has no dependencies that can't be
+          // resolved
+          expect(TestBed.inject(Service)).toBeDefined();
+        });
+      });
 });