feat(common): add @angular/common/upgrade package for $location-related APIs (#30055)

AngularJS's `$location` service doesn't have a direct counterpart in Angular. This is largely because the `Location` service in Angular was pulled out of the `Router`, but was not purpose-built to stand on its own.

This commit adds a new `@angular/common/upgrade` package with the beginnings of a new `LocationUpgradeService`. This service will more closely match the API of AngularJS and provide a way to replace the `$location` service from AngularJS.

PR Close #30055

packages/platform-browser/src/browser/location/browser_platform_location.ts

@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ export class BrowserPlatformLocation extends PlatformLocation {
     getDOM().getGlobalEventTarget(this._doc, 'window').addEventListener('hashchange', fn, false);
   }
 
+  get href(): string { return this.location.href; }
   get protocol(): string { return this.location.protocol; }
   get hostname(): string { return this.location.hostname; }
   get port(): string { return this.location.port; }