refactor(compiler-cli): introduce the TemplateTypeChecker abstraction (#38105)

This commit significantly refactors the 'typecheck' package to introduce a
new abstraction, the `TemplateTypeChecker`. To achieve this:

* a 'typecheck:api' package is introduced, containing common interfaces that
  consumers of the template type-checking infrastructure can depend on
  without incurring a dependency on the template type-checking machinery as
  a whole.
* interfaces for `TemplateTypeChecker` and `TypeCheckContext` are introduced
  which contain the abstract operations supported by the implementation
  classes `TemplateTypeCheckerImpl` and `TypeCheckContextImpl` respectively.
* the `TemplateTypeChecker` interface supports diagnostics on a whole
  program basis to start with, but the implementation is purposefully
  designed to support incremental diagnostics at a per-file or per-component
  level.
* `TemplateTypeChecker` supports direct access to the type check block of a
  component.
* the testing utility is refactored to be a lot more useful, and new tests
  are added for the new abstraction.

PR Close #38105

packages/compiler-cli/ngcc/src/analysis/ngcc_trait_compiler.ts

@@ -90,4 +90,6 @@ class NoIncrementalBuild implements IncrementalBuild<any, any> {
   priorTypeCheckingResultsFor(): null {
     return null;
   }
+
+  recordSuccessfulTypeCheck(): void {}
 }