refactor(compiler-cli): allow program strategies to opt out of inlining (#38105)

The template type-checking engine relies on the abstraction interface
`TypeCheckingProgramStrategy` to create updated `ts.Program`s for
template type-checking. The basic API is that the type-checking engine
requests changes to certain files in the program, and the strategy provides
an updated `ts.Program`.

Typically, such changes are made to 'ngtypecheck' shim files, but certain
conditions can cause template type-checking to require "inline" operations,
which change user .ts files instead. The strategy used by 'ngc' (the
`ReusedProgramStrategy`) supports these kinds of updates, but other clients
such as the language service might not always support modifying user files.

To accommodate this, the `TypeCheckingProgramStrategy` interface was
modified to include a `supportsInlineOperations` flag. If an implementation
specifies `false` for inline support, the template type-checking system will
return diagnostics on components which would otherwise require inline
operations.

Closes #38059

PR Close #38105

goldens/public-api/compiler-cli/error_code.d.ts

@@ -32,5 +32,7 @@ export declare enum ErrorCode {
     MISSING_PIPE = 8004,
     WRITE_TO_READ_ONLY_VARIABLE = 8005,
     DUPLICATE_VARIABLE_DECLARATION = 8006,
+    INLINE_TCB_REQUIRED = 8900,
+    INLINE_TYPE_CTOR_REQUIRED = 8901,
     INJECTABLE_DUPLICATE_PROV = 9001
 }