feat(ivy): output diagnostics for many errors in ngtsc (#25647)

This commit takes the first steps towards ngtsc producing real
TypeScript diagnostics instead of simply throwing errors when
encountering incorrect code.

A new class is introduced, FatalDiagnosticError, which can be thrown by
handlers whenever a condition in the code is encountered which by
necessity prevents the class from being compiled. This error type is
convertable to a ts.Diagnostic which represents the type and source of
the error.

Error codes are introduced for Angular errors, and are prefixed with -99
(so error code 1001 becomes -991001) to distinguish them from other TS
errors.

A function is provided which will read TS diagnostic output and convert
the TS errors to NG errors if they match this negative error code
format.

PR Close #25647

packages/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/annotations/BUILD.bazel

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ ts_library(
     module_name = "@angular/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/annotations",
     deps = [
         "//packages/compiler",
+        "//packages/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/diagnostics",
         "//packages/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/host",
         "//packages/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/metadata",
         "//packages/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/transform",