feat(ivy): output diagnostics for many errors in ngtsc (#25647)

This commit takes the first steps towards ngtsc producing real
TypeScript diagnostics instead of simply throwing errors when
encountering incorrect code.

A new class is introduced, FatalDiagnosticError, which can be thrown by
handlers whenever a condition in the code is encountered which by
necessity prevents the class from being compiled. This error type is
convertable to a ts.Diagnostic which represents the type and source of
the error.

Error codes are introduced for Angular errors, and are prefixed with -99
(so error code 1001 becomes -991001) to distinguish them from other TS
errors.

A function is provided which will read TS diagnostic output and convert
the TS errors to NG errors if they match this negative error code
format.

PR Close #25647

packages/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/diagnostics/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Use of this source code is governed by an MIT-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file at https://angular.io/license
+ */
+
+export {ErrorCode} from './src/code';
+export {FatalDiagnosticError, isFatalDiagnosticError} from './src/error';
+export {replaceTsWithNgInErrors} from './src/util';