refactor(compiler-cli): split out template diagnostics package (#38576)

The template type-checking engine includes utilities for creating
`ts.Diagnostic`s for component templates. Previously only the template type-
checker itself created such diagnostics. However, the template parser also
produces errors which should be represented as template diagnostics.

This commit prepares for that conversion by extracting the machinery for
producing template diagnostics into its own sub-package, so that other parts
of the compiler can depend on it without depending on the entire template
type-checker.

PR Close #38576

goldens/public-api/compiler-cli/error_code.d.ts

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ export declare enum ErrorCode {
     CONFIG_FLAT_MODULE_NO_INDEX = 4001,
     CONFIG_STRICT_TEMPLATES_IMPLIES_FULL_TEMPLATE_TYPECHECK = 4002,
     HOST_BINDING_PARSE_ERROR = 5001,
+    TEMPLATE_PARSE_ERROR = 5002,
     NGMODULE_INVALID_DECLARATION = 6001,
     NGMODULE_INVALID_IMPORT = 6002,
     NGMODULE_INVALID_EXPORT = 6003,