feat(browser): use AppModules for bootstrap in the browser

This introduces the `BrowserModule` to be used for long form
bootstrap and offline compile bootstrap:

```
@AppModule({
  modules: [BrowserModule],
  precompile: [MainComponent],
  providers: […], // additional providers
  directives: […], // additional platform directives
  pipes: […] // additional platform pipes
})
class MyModule {
  constructor(appRef: ApplicationRef) {
    appRef.bootstrap(MainComponent);
  }
}

// offline compile
import {bootstrapModuleFactory} from ‘@angular/platform-browser’;
bootstrapModuleFactory(MyModuleNgFactory);

// runtime compile long form
import {bootstrapModule} from ‘@angular/platform-browser-dynamic’;
bootstrapModule(MyModule);
```

The short form, `bootstrap(...)`, can now creates a module on the fly,
given `directives`, `pipes, `providers`, `precompile` and `modules`
properties.

Related changes:
- make `SanitizationService`, `SecurityContext` public in `@angular/core` so that the offline compiler can resolve the token
- move `AnimationDriver` to `platform-browser` and make it
  public so that the offline compiler can resolve the token

BREAKING CHANGES:
- short form bootstrap does no longer allow
  to inject compiler internals (i.e. everything 
  from `@angular/compiler). Inject `Compiler` instead.
  To provide custom providers for the compiler,
  create a custom compiler via `browserCompiler({providers: [...]})`
  and pass that into the `bootstrap` method.

modules/@angular/platform-browser/src/browser.ts

@@ -6,10 +6,11 @@
  * found in the LICENSE file at https://angular.io/license
  */
 
-import {FORM_PROVIDERS, PlatformLocation} from '@angular/common';
-import {APPLICATION_COMMON_PROVIDERS, ExceptionHandler, OpaqueToken, PLATFORM_COMMON_PROVIDERS, PLATFORM_INITIALIZER, PlatformRef, ReflectiveInjector, RootRenderer, Testability, assertPlatform, createPlatform, getPlatform} from '@angular/core';
+import {COMMON_DIRECTIVES, COMMON_PIPES, FORM_PROVIDERS, PlatformLocation} from '@angular/common';
+import {APPLICATION_COMMON_PROVIDERS, AppModule, AppModuleFactory, AppModuleRef, ExceptionHandler, NgZone, OpaqueToken, PLATFORM_COMMON_PROVIDERS, PLATFORM_INITIALIZER, PlatformRef, ReflectiveInjector, RootRenderer, SanitizationService, Testability, assertPlatform, createPlatform, getPlatform, isDevMode} from '@angular/core';
 
-import {AnimationDriver, NoOpAnimationDriver, SanitizationService, wtfInit} from '../core_private';
+import {wtfInit} from '../core_private';
+import {AnimationDriver} from '../src/dom/animation_driver';
 import {WebAnimationsDriver} from '../src/dom/web_animations_driver';
 
 import {BrowserDomAdapter} from './browser/browser_adapter';
@@ -27,7 +28,6 @@ import {DomSharedStylesHost, SharedStylesHost} from './dom/shared_styles_host';
 import {isBlank} from './facade/lang';
 import {DomSanitizationService, DomSanitizationServiceImpl} from './security/dom_sanitization_service';
 
-
 const BROWSER_PLATFORM_MARKER = new OpaqueToken('BrowserPlatformMarker');
 
 /**
@@ -86,23 +86,71 @@ export function browserPlatform(): PlatformRef {
   return assertPlatform(BROWSER_PLATFORM_MARKER);
 }
 
-function initDomAdapter() {
+export function initDomAdapter() {
   BrowserDomAdapter.makeCurrent();
   wtfInit();
   BrowserGetTestability.init();
 }
 
-function _exceptionHandler(): ExceptionHandler {
+export function _exceptionHandler(): ExceptionHandler {
   return new ExceptionHandler(getDOM());
 }
 
-function _document(): any {
+export function _document(): any {
   return getDOM().defaultDoc();
 }
 
-function _resolveDefaultAnimationDriver(): AnimationDriver {
+export function _resolveDefaultAnimationDriver(): AnimationDriver {
   if (getDOM().supportsWebAnimation()) {
     return new WebAnimationsDriver();
   }
-  return new NoOpAnimationDriver();
+  return AnimationDriver.NOOP;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The app module for the browser.
+ * @stable
+ */
+@AppModule({
+  providers: [
+    BROWSER_APP_PROVIDERS,
+  ],
+  directives: COMMON_DIRECTIVES,
+  pipes: COMMON_PIPES
+})
+export class BrowserModule {
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates an instance of an `@AppModule` for the browser platform
+ * for offline compilation.
+ *
+ * ## Simple Example
+ *
+ * ```typescript
+ * my_module.ts:
+ *
+ * @AppModule({
+ *   modules: [BrowserModule]
+ * })
+ * class MyModule {}
+ *
+ * main.ts:
+ * import {MyModuleNgFactory} from './my_module.ngfactory';
+ * import {bootstrapModuleFactory} from '@angular/platform-browser';
+ *
+ * let moduleRef = bootstrapModuleFactory(MyModuleNgFactory);
+ * ```
+ * @stable
+ */
+export function bootstrapModuleFactory<M>(moduleFactory: AppModuleFactory<M>): AppModuleRef<M> {
+  let platformInjector = browserPlatform().injector;
+  // Note: We need to create the NgZone _before_ we instantiate the module,
+  // as instantiating the module creates some providers eagerly.
+  // So we create a mini parent injector that just contains the new NgZone and
+  // pass that as parent to the AppModuleFactory.
+  let ngZone = new NgZone({enableLongStackTrace: isDevMode()});
+  let ngZoneInjector =
+      ReflectiveInjector.resolveAndCreate([{provide: NgZone, useValue: ngZone}], platformInjector);
+  return ngZone.run(() => { return moduleFactory.create(ngZoneInjector); });
 }

modules/@angular/platform-browser/src/dom/animation_driver.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Use of this source code is governed by an MIT-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file at https://angular.io/license
+ */
+
+import {AnimationPlayer} from '@angular/core';
+
+import {AnimationKeyframe, AnimationStyles, NoOpAnimationPlayer} from '../../core_private';
+
+class _NoOpAnimationDriver implements AnimationDriver {
+  animate(
+      element: any, startingStyles: AnimationStyles, keyframes: AnimationKeyframe[],
+      duration: number, delay: number, easing: string): AnimationPlayer {
+    return new NoOpAnimationPlayer();
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @experimental
+ */
+export abstract class AnimationDriver {
+  static NOOP: AnimationDriver = new _NoOpAnimationDriver();
+  abstract animate(
+      element: any, startingStyles: AnimationStyles, keyframes: AnimationKeyframe[],
+      duration: number, delay: number, easing: string): AnimationPlayer;
+}

modules/@angular/platform-browser/src/dom/debug/ng_probe.ts

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ export function inspectNativeElement(element: any /** TODO #9100 */): DebugNode
   return getDebugNode(element);
 }
 
-function _createConditionalRootRenderer(rootRenderer: any /** TODO #9100 */) {
+export function _createConditionalRootRenderer(rootRenderer: any /** TODO #9100 */) {
   if (isDevMode()) {
     return _createRootRenderer(rootRenderer);
   }

modules/@angular/platform-browser/src/dom/dom_renderer.ts

@@ -14,11 +14,12 @@ import {Json, RegExpWrapper, StringWrapper, isArray, isBlank, isPresent, isStrin
 
 import {DomSharedStylesHost} from './shared_styles_host';
 
-import {AnimationKeyframe, AnimationStyles, AnimationPlayer, AnimationDriver, RenderDebugInfo,} from '../../core_private';
+import {AnimationKeyframe, AnimationStyles, AnimationPlayer, RenderDebugInfo,} from '../../core_private';
 
 import {EventManager} from './events/event_manager';
 import {DOCUMENT} from './dom_tokens';
 import {getDOM} from './dom_adapter';
+import {AnimationDriver} from './animation_driver';
 import {camelCaseToDashCase} from './util';
 
 const NAMESPACE_URIS = {

modules/@angular/platform-browser/src/dom/web_animations_driver.ts

@@ -8,10 +8,11 @@
 
 import {AUTO_STYLE, BaseException} from '@angular/core';
 
-import {AnimationDriver, AnimationKeyframe, AnimationPlayer, AnimationStyles, NoOpAnimationPlayer} from '../../core_private';
+import {AnimationKeyframe, AnimationPlayer, AnimationStyles, NoOpAnimationPlayer} from '../../core_private';
 import {StringMapWrapper} from '../facade/collection';
 import {StringWrapper, isNumber, isPresent} from '../facade/lang';
 
+import {AnimationDriver} from './animation_driver';
 import {getDOM} from './dom_adapter';
 import {DomAnimatePlayer} from './dom_animate_player';
 import {dashCaseToCamelCase} from './util';

modules/@angular/platform-browser/src/security/dom_sanitization_service.ts

@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@
  * found in the LICENSE file at https://angular.io/license
  */
 
-import {Injectable} from '@angular/core';
-
-import {SanitizationService, SecurityContext} from '../../core_private';
+import {Injectable, SanitizationService, SecurityContext} from '@angular/core';
 
 import {sanitizeHtml} from './html_sanitizer';
 import {sanitizeStyle} from './style_sanitizer';

modules/@angular/platform-browser/src/worker_render.ts

@@ -8,11 +8,12 @@
 
 import {APPLICATION_COMMON_PROVIDERS, APP_INITIALIZER, ExceptionHandler, Injectable, Injector, NgZone, OpaqueToken, PLATFORM_COMMON_PROVIDERS, PLATFORM_INITIALIZER, PlatformRef, ReflectiveInjector, RootRenderer, Testability, assertPlatform, createPlatform, getPlatform} from '@angular/core';
 
-import {AnimationDriver, NoOpAnimationDriver, wtfInit} from '../core_private';
+import {wtfInit} from '../core_private';
 
 import {BROWSER_SANITIZATION_PROVIDERS} from './browser';
 import {BrowserDomAdapter} from './browser/browser_adapter';
 import {BrowserGetTestability} from './browser/testability';
+import {AnimationDriver} from './dom/animation_driver';
 import {getDOM} from './dom/dom_adapter';
 import {DomRootRenderer, DomRootRenderer_} from './dom/dom_renderer';
 import {DOCUMENT} from './dom/dom_tokens';
@@ -178,5 +179,5 @@ function spawnWebWorker(uri: string, instance: WebWorkerInstance): void {
 function _resolveDefaultAnimationDriver(): AnimationDriver {
   // web workers have not been tested or configured to
   // work with animations just yet...
-  return new NoOpAnimationDriver();
+  return AnimationDriver.NOOP;
 }