feat(browser): use AppModules for bootstrap in the browser

This introduces the `BrowserModule` to be used for long form
bootstrap and offline compile bootstrap:

```
@AppModule({
  modules: [BrowserModule],
  precompile: [MainComponent],
  providers: […], // additional providers
  directives: […], // additional platform directives
  pipes: […] // additional platform pipes
})
class MyModule {
  constructor(appRef: ApplicationRef) {
    appRef.bootstrap(MainComponent);
  }
}

// offline compile
import {bootstrapModuleFactory} from ‘@angular/platform-browser’;
bootstrapModuleFactory(MyModuleNgFactory);

// runtime compile long form
import {bootstrapModule} from ‘@angular/platform-browser-dynamic’;
bootstrapModule(MyModule);
```

The short form, `bootstrap(...)`, can now creates a module on the fly,
given `directives`, `pipes, `providers`, `precompile` and `modules`
properties.

Related changes:
- make `SanitizationService`, `SecurityContext` public in `@angular/core` so that the offline compiler can resolve the token
- move `AnimationDriver` to `platform-browser` and make it
  public so that the offline compiler can resolve the token

BREAKING CHANGES:
- short form bootstrap does no longer allow
  to inject compiler internals (i.e. everything 
  from `@angular/compiler). Inject `Compiler` instead.
  To provide custom providers for the compiler,
  create a custom compiler via `browserCompiler({providers: [...]})`
  and pass that into the `bootstrap` method.

modules/@angular/platform-browser/src/dom/animation_driver.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Use of this source code is governed by an MIT-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file at https://angular.io/license
+ */
+
+import {AnimationPlayer} from '@angular/core';
+
+import {AnimationKeyframe, AnimationStyles, NoOpAnimationPlayer} from '../../core_private';
+
+class _NoOpAnimationDriver implements AnimationDriver {
+  animate(
+      element: any, startingStyles: AnimationStyles, keyframes: AnimationKeyframe[],
+      duration: number, delay: number, easing: string): AnimationPlayer {
+    return new NoOpAnimationPlayer();
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @experimental
+ */
+export abstract class AnimationDriver {
+  static NOOP: AnimationDriver = new _NoOpAnimationDriver();
+  abstract animate(
+      element: any, startingStyles: AnimationStyles, keyframes: AnimationKeyframe[],
+      duration: number, delay: number, easing: string): AnimationPlayer;
+}

modules/@angular/platform-browser/src/dom/debug/ng_probe.ts

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ export function inspectNativeElement(element: any /** TODO #9100 */): DebugNode
   return getDebugNode(element);
 }
 
-function _createConditionalRootRenderer(rootRenderer: any /** TODO #9100 */) {
+export function _createConditionalRootRenderer(rootRenderer: any /** TODO #9100 */) {
   if (isDevMode()) {
     return _createRootRenderer(rootRenderer);
   }

modules/@angular/platform-browser/src/dom/dom_renderer.ts

@@ -14,11 +14,12 @@ import {Json, RegExpWrapper, StringWrapper, isArray, isBlank, isPresent, isStrin
 
 import {DomSharedStylesHost} from './shared_styles_host';
 
-import {AnimationKeyframe, AnimationStyles, AnimationPlayer, AnimationDriver, RenderDebugInfo,} from '../../core_private';
+import {AnimationKeyframe, AnimationStyles, AnimationPlayer, RenderDebugInfo,} from '../../core_private';
 
 import {EventManager} from './events/event_manager';
 import {DOCUMENT} from './dom_tokens';
 import {getDOM} from './dom_adapter';
+import {AnimationDriver} from './animation_driver';
 import {camelCaseToDashCase} from './util';
 
 const NAMESPACE_URIS = {

modules/@angular/platform-browser/src/dom/web_animations_driver.ts

@@ -8,10 +8,11 @@
 
 import {AUTO_STYLE, BaseException} from '@angular/core';
 
-import {AnimationDriver, AnimationKeyframe, AnimationPlayer, AnimationStyles, NoOpAnimationPlayer} from '../../core_private';
+import {AnimationKeyframe, AnimationPlayer, AnimationStyles, NoOpAnimationPlayer} from '../../core_private';
 import {StringMapWrapper} from '../facade/collection';
 import {StringWrapper, isNumber, isPresent} from '../facade/lang';
 
+import {AnimationDriver} from './animation_driver';
 import {getDOM} from './dom_adapter';
 import {DomAnimatePlayer} from './dom_animate_player';
 import {dashCaseToCamelCase} from './util';