refactor(core): change module semantics

This contains major changes to the compiler, bootstrap of the platforms
and test environment initialization.

Main part of #10043
Closes #10164

BREAKING CHANGE:
- Semantics and name of `@AppModule` (now `@NgModule`) changed quite a bit.
  This is actually not breaking as `@AppModules` were not part of rc.4.
  We will have detailed docs on `@NgModule` separately.
- `coreLoadAndBootstrap` and `coreBootstrap` can't be used any more (without migration support).
  Use `bootstrapModule` / `bootstrapModuleFactory` instead.
- All Components listed in routes have to be part of the `declarations` of an NgModule.
  Either directly on the bootstrap module / lazy loaded module, or in an NgModule imported by them.

modules/@angular/compiler/src/view_compiler/compile_query.ts

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
  * found in the LICENSE file at https://angular.io/license
  */
 
-import {CompileQueryMetadata, CompileTokenMap} from '../compile_metadata';
+import {CompileIdentifierMap, CompileQueryMetadata, CompileTokenMetadata} from '../compile_metadata';
 import {ListWrapper} from '../facade/collection';
 import {isBlank, isPresent} from '../facade/lang';
 import {Identifiers} from '../identifiers';
@@ -125,7 +125,8 @@ export function createQueryList(
   return expr;
 }
 
-export function addQueryToTokenMap(map: CompileTokenMap<CompileQuery[]>, query: CompileQuery) {
+export function addQueryToTokenMap(
+    map: CompileIdentifierMap<CompileTokenMetadata, CompileQuery[]>, query: CompileQuery) {
   query.meta.selectors.forEach((selector) => {
     var entry = map.get(selector);
     if (isBlank(entry)) {