refactor(core): change module semantics

This contains major changes to the compiler, bootstrap of the platforms
and test environment initialization.

Main part of #10043
Closes #10164

BREAKING CHANGE:
- Semantics and name of `@AppModule` (now `@NgModule`) changed quite a bit.
  This is actually not breaking as `@AppModules` were not part of rc.4.
  We will have detailed docs on `@NgModule` separately.
- `coreLoadAndBootstrap` and `coreBootstrap` can't be used any more (without migration support).
  Use `bootstrapModule` / `bootstrapModuleFactory` instead.
- All Components listed in routes have to be part of the `declarations` of an NgModule.
  Either directly on the bootstrap module / lazy loaded module, or in an NgModule imported by them.

modules/@angular/compiler/test/metadata_resolver_spec.ts

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {LIFECYCLE_HOOKS_VALUES} from '@angular/core/src/metadata/lifecycle_hooks
 import {configureCompiler} from '@angular/core/testing';
 import {afterEach, beforeEach, beforeEachProviders, ddescribe, describe, expect, iit, inject, it, xdescribe, xit} from '@angular/core/testing/testing_internal';
 
+import {CompileNgModuleMetadata} from '../src/compile_metadata';
 import {IS_DART, stringify} from '../src/facade/lang';
 import {CompileMetadataResolver} from '../src/metadata_resolver';
 
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ export function main() {
   describe('CompileMetadataResolver', () => {
     beforeEach(() => { configureCompiler({providers: TEST_COMPILER_PROVIDERS}); });
 
-    describe('getMetadata', () => {
+    describe('getDirectiveMetadata', () => {
       it('should read metadata',
          inject([CompileMetadataResolver], (resolver: CompileMetadataResolver) => {
            var meta = resolver.getDirectiveMetadata(ComponentWithEverything);
@@ -102,35 +103,6 @@ export function main() {
          }));
     });
 
-    describe('getViewDirectivesMetadata', () => {
-
-      it('should return the directive metadatas',
-         inject([CompileMetadataResolver], (resolver: CompileMetadataResolver) => {
-           expect(resolver.getViewDirectivesMetadata(ComponentWithEverything))
-               .toContain(resolver.getDirectiveMetadata(SomeDirective));
-         }));
-
-      describe('platform directives', () => {
-        beforeEach(() => {
-          configureCompiler({
-            providers: [{
-              provide: CompilerConfig,
-              useValue: new CompilerConfig(
-                  {genDebugInfo: true, deprecatedPlatformDirectives: [ADirective]})
-            }]
-          });
-        });
-
-        it('should include platform directives when available',
-           inject([CompileMetadataResolver], (resolver: CompileMetadataResolver) => {
-             expect(resolver.getViewDirectivesMetadata(ComponentWithEverything))
-                 .toContain(resolver.getDirectiveMetadata(ADirective));
-             expect(resolver.getViewDirectivesMetadata(ComponentWithEverything))
-                 .toContain(resolver.getDirectiveMetadata(SomeDirective));
-           }));
-      });
-    });
-
   });
 }