refactor(core): change module semantics

This contains major changes to the compiler, bootstrap of the platforms
and test environment initialization.

Main part of #10043
Closes #10164

BREAKING CHANGE:
- Semantics and name of `@AppModule` (now `@NgModule`) changed quite a bit.
  This is actually not breaking as `@AppModules` were not part of rc.4.
  We will have detailed docs on `@NgModule` separately.
- `coreLoadAndBootstrap` and `coreBootstrap` can't be used any more (without migration support).
  Use `bootstrapModule` / `bootstrapModuleFactory` instead.
- All Components listed in routes have to be part of the `declarations` of an NgModule.
  Either directly on the bootstrap module / lazy loaded module, or in an NgModule imported by them.

modules/@angular/compiler/test/ng_module_resolver_spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Use of this source code is governed by an MIT-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file at https://angular.io/license
+ */
+
+import {NgModuleResolver} from '@angular/compiler/src/ng_module_resolver';
+import {NgModule, NgModuleMetadata} from '@angular/core/src/metadata';
+import {stringify} from '../src/facade/lang';
+
+class SomeClass1 {}
+class SomeClass2 {}
+class SomeClass3 {}
+class SomeClass4 {}
+class SomeClass5 {}
+
+@NgModule({
+  declarations: [SomeClass1],
+  imports: [SomeClass2],
+  exports: [SomeClass3],
+  providers: [SomeClass4],
+  precompile: [SomeClass5]
+})
+class SomeModule {
+}
+
+class SimpleClass {}
+
+export function main() {
+  describe('NgModuleResolver', () => {
+    var resolver: NgModuleResolver;
+
+    beforeEach(() => { resolver = new NgModuleResolver(); });
+
+    it('should read out the metadata from the class', () => {
+      var viewMetadata = resolver.resolve(SomeModule);
+      expect(viewMetadata).toEqual(new NgModuleMetadata({
+        declarations: [SomeClass1],
+        imports: [SomeClass2],
+        exports: [SomeClass3],
+        providers: [SomeClass4],
+        precompile: [SomeClass5]
+      }));
+    });
+
+    it('should throw when simple class has no component decorator', () => {
+      expect(() => resolver.resolve(SimpleClass))
+          .toThrowError(`No NgModule metadata found for '${stringify(SimpleClass)}'.`);
+    });
+  });
+}