refactor(core): change module semantics

This contains major changes to the compiler, bootstrap of the platforms
and test environment initialization.

Main part of #10043
Closes #10164

BREAKING CHANGE:
- Semantics and name of `@AppModule` (now `@NgModule`) changed quite a bit.
  This is actually not breaking as `@AppModules` were not part of rc.4.
  We will have detailed docs on `@NgModule` separately.
- `coreLoadAndBootstrap` and `coreBootstrap` can't be used any more (without migration support).
  Use `bootstrapModule` / `bootstrapModuleFactory` instead.
- All Components listed in routes have to be part of the `declarations` of an NgModule.
  Either directly on the bootstrap module / lazy loaded module, or in an NgModule imported by them.

modules/@angular/compiler/test/test_component_builder_spec.ts

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 import {AsyncTestCompleter, beforeEach, ddescribe, xdescribe, describe, iit, inject, beforeEachProviders, it, xit,} from '@angular/core/testing/testing_internal';
 import {expect} from '@angular/platform-browser/testing/matchers';
 import {TestComponentBuilder, ComponentFixtureAutoDetect, ComponentFixtureNoNgZone, withProviders} from '@angular/core/testing';
-import {Injectable, Component, Input, ViewMetadata} from '@angular/core';
+import {Injectable, Component, Input, ViewMetadata, Pipe, NgModule} from '@angular/core';
 import {NgIf} from '@angular/common';
 import {TimerWrapper} from '../src/facade/async';
 import {PromiseWrapper} from '../src/facade/promise';
@@ -327,6 +327,27 @@ export function main() {
          expect(componentFixture.nativeElement).toHaveText('Mock');
        }));
 
+    it('should create components synchronously with a custom module',
+       inject([TestComponentBuilder], (tcb: TestComponentBuilder) => {
+         @Pipe({name: 'somePipe'})
+         class SomePipe {
+           transform(value: any) { return `transformed ${value}`; }
+         }
+
+         @NgModule({declarations: [SomePipe]})
+         class SomeModule {
+         }
+
+         @Component({selector: 'comp', template: `{{'hello' | somePipe}}`})
+         class SomeComponent {
+         }
+
+
+         let componentFixture = tcb.createSync(SomeComponent, SomeModule);
+         componentFixture.detectChanges();
+         expect(componentFixture.nativeElement).toHaveText('transformed hello');
+       }));
+
     describe('ComponentFixture', () => {
       it('should auto detect changes if autoDetectChanges is called',
          inject(