refactor(core): change module semantics

This contains major changes to the compiler, bootstrap of the platforms
and test environment initialization.

Main part of #10043
Closes #10164

BREAKING CHANGE:
- Semantics and name of `@AppModule` (now `@NgModule`) changed quite a bit.
  This is actually not breaking as `@AppModules` were not part of rc.4.
  We will have detailed docs on `@NgModule` separately.
- `coreLoadAndBootstrap` and `coreBootstrap` can't be used any more (without migration support).
  Use `bootstrapModule` / `bootstrapModuleFactory` instead.
- All Components listed in routes have to be part of the `declarations` of an NgModule.
  Either directly on the bootstrap module / lazy loaded module, or in an NgModule imported by them.

modules/@angular/compiler/testing/directive_resolver_mock.ts

@@ -27,8 +27,11 @@ export class MockDirectiveResolver extends DirectiveResolver {
 
   private get _compiler(): Compiler { return this._injector.get(Compiler); }
 
-  resolve(type: Type): DirectiveMetadata {
-    var dm = super.resolve(type);
+  resolve(type: Type, throwIfNotFound = true): DirectiveMetadata {
+    var dm = super.resolve(type, throwIfNotFound);
+    if (!dm) {
+      return null;
+    }
 
     var providerOverrides = this._providerOverrides.get(type);
     var viewProviderOverrides = this.viewProviderOverrides.get(type);

modules/@angular/compiler/testing/ng_module_resolver_mock.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Use of this source code is governed by an MIT-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file at https://angular.io/license
+ */
+
+import {Compiler, Injectable, Injector, NgModuleMetadata, Type} from '@angular/core';
+
+import {NgModuleResolver} from '../index';
+import {Map} from '../src/facade/collection';
+
+@Injectable()
+export class MockNgModuleResolver extends NgModuleResolver {
+  /** @internal */
+  _ngModules = new Map<Type, NgModuleMetadata>();
+
+  constructor(private _injector: Injector) { super(); }
+
+  private get _compiler(): Compiler { return this._injector.get(Compiler); }
+
+  private _clearCacheFor(component: Type) { this._compiler.clearCacheFor(component); }
+
+  /**
+   * Overrides the {@link NgModuleMetadata} for a module.
+   */
+  setNgModule(type: Type, metadata: NgModuleMetadata): void {
+    this._ngModules.set(type, metadata);
+    this._clearCacheFor(type);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the {@link NgModuleMetadata} for a module:
+   * - Set the {@link NgModuleMetadata} to the overridden view when it exists or fallback to the
+   * default
+   * `NgModuleResolver`, see `setNgModule`.
+   */
+  resolve(type: Type, throwIfNotFound = true): NgModuleMetadata {
+    var metadata = this._ngModules.get(type);
+    if (!metadata) {
+      metadata = super.resolve(type, throwIfNotFound);
+    }
+    return metadata;
+  }
+}

modules/@angular/compiler/testing/test_component_builder.ts

@@ -87,14 +87,16 @@ export class OverridingTestComponentBuilder extends TestComponentBuilder {
     return clone;
   }
 
-  createAsync<T>(rootComponentType: ConcreteType<T>): Promise<ComponentFixture<T>> {
+  createAsync<T>(rootComponentType: ConcreteType<T>, ngModule: ConcreteType<any> = null):
+      Promise<ComponentFixture<T>> {
     this._applyMetadataOverrides();
-    return super.createAsync(rootComponentType);
+    return super.createAsync(rootComponentType, ngModule);
   }
 
-  createSync<T>(rootComponentType: ConcreteType<T>): ComponentFixture<T> {
+  createSync<T>(rootComponentType: ConcreteType<T>, ngModule: ConcreteType<any> = null):
+      ComponentFixture<T> {
     this._applyMetadataOverrides();
-    return super.createSync(rootComponentType);
+    return super.createSync(rootComponentType, ngModule);
   }
 
   private _applyMetadataOverrides() {

modules/@angular/compiler/testing/view_resolver_mock.ts

@@ -72,10 +72,13 @@ export class MockViewResolver extends ViewResolver {
    * - Override the directives, see `overrideViewDirective`.
    * - Override the @View definition, see `setInlineTemplate`.
    */
-  resolve(component: Type): ViewMetadata {
+  resolve(component: Type, throwIfNotFound = true): ViewMetadata {
     var view = this._views.get(component);
     if (isBlank(view)) {
-      view = super.resolve(component);
+      view = super.resolve(component, throwIfNotFound);
+      if (!view) {
+        return null;
+      }
     }
 
     var directives: any[] /** TODO #9100 */ = [];