refactor(core): change module semantics

This contains major changes to the compiler, bootstrap of the platforms
and test environment initialization.

Main part of #10043
Closes #10164

BREAKING CHANGE:
- Semantics and name of `@AppModule` (now `@NgModule`) changed quite a bit.
  This is actually not breaking as `@AppModules` were not part of rc.4.
  We will have detailed docs on `@NgModule` separately.
- `coreLoadAndBootstrap` and `coreBootstrap` can't be used any more (without migration support).
  Use `bootstrapModule` / `bootstrapModuleFactory` instead.
- All Components listed in routes have to be part of the `declarations` of an NgModule.
  Either directly on the bootstrap module / lazy loaded module, or in an NgModule imported by them.

modules/@angular/compiler/testing.ts

@@ -10,3 +10,29 @@ export * from './testing/schema_registry_mock';
 export * from './testing/view_resolver_mock';
 export * from './testing/test_component_builder';
 export * from './testing/directive_resolver_mock';
+export * from './testing/ng_module_resolver_mock';
+
+import {createPlatformFactory, CompilerOptions, PlatformRef} from '@angular/core';
+import {coreDynamicPlatform, DirectiveResolver, ViewResolver, NgModuleResolver} from './index';
+import {MockViewResolver} from './testing/view_resolver_mock';
+import {MockDirectiveResolver} from './testing/directive_resolver_mock';
+import {MockNgModuleResolver} from './testing/ng_module_resolver_mock';
+
+
+/**
+ * Platform for dynamic tests
+ *
+ * @experimental
+ */
+export const coreDynamicTestingPlatform =
+    createPlatformFactory(coreDynamicPlatform, 'coreDynamicTesting', [{
+                            provide: CompilerOptions,
+                            useValue: {
+                              providers: [
+                                {provide: DirectiveResolver, useClass: MockDirectiveResolver},
+                                {provide: ViewResolver, useClass: MockViewResolver},
+                                {provide: NgModuleResolver, useClass: MockNgModuleResolver}
+                              ]
+                            },
+                            multi: true
+                          }]);