refactor(core): change module semantics

This contains major changes to the compiler, bootstrap of the platforms
and test environment initialization.

Main part of #10043
Closes #10164

BREAKING CHANGE:
- Semantics and name of `@AppModule` (now `@NgModule`) changed quite a bit.
  This is actually not breaking as `@AppModules` were not part of rc.4.
  We will have detailed docs on `@NgModule` separately.
- `coreLoadAndBootstrap` and `coreBootstrap` can't be used any more (without migration support).
  Use `bootstrapModule` / `bootstrapModuleFactory` instead.
- All Components listed in routes have to be part of the `declarations` of an NgModule.
  Either directly on the bootstrap module / lazy loaded module, or in an NgModule imported by them.

modules/@angular/forms/test/template_integration_spec.ts

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import {ListWrapper} from '../src/facade/collection';
 export function main() {
   describe('template-driven forms integration tests', () => {
 
-    beforeEach(() => { configureModule({modules: [FormsModule]}); });
+    beforeEach(() => { configureModule({imports: [FormsModule]}); });
 
     it('should support ngModel for single fields',
        fakeAsync(inject([TestComponentBuilder], (tcb: TestComponentBuilder) => {