refactor(core): change module semantics

This contains major changes to the compiler, bootstrap of the platforms
and test environment initialization.

Main part of #10043
Closes #10164

BREAKING CHANGE:
- Semantics and name of `@AppModule` (now `@NgModule`) changed quite a bit.
  This is actually not breaking as `@AppModules` were not part of rc.4.
  We will have detailed docs on `@NgModule` separately.
- `coreLoadAndBootstrap` and `coreBootstrap` can't be used any more (without migration support).
  Use `bootstrapModule` / `bootstrapModuleFactory` instead.
- All Components listed in routes have to be part of the `declarations` of an NgModule.
  Either directly on the bootstrap module / lazy loaded module, or in an NgModule imported by them.

modules/@angular/platform-browser-dynamic/src/platform_providers.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Use of this source code is governed by an MIT-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file at https://angular.io/license
+ */
+
+import {XHR} from '@angular/compiler';
+import {CompilerOptions} from '@angular/core';
+
+import {INTERNAL_BROWSER_PLATFORM_PROVIDERS} from '../platform_browser_private';
+
+import {XHRImpl} from './xhr/xhr_impl';
+
+export const INTERNAL_BROWSER_DYNAMIC_PLATFORM_PROVIDERS: any[] = [
+  INTERNAL_BROWSER_PLATFORM_PROVIDERS,
+  {
+    provide: CompilerOptions,
+    useValue: {providers: [{provide: XHR, useClass: XHRImpl}]},
+    multi: true
+  },
+];