refactor(core): change module semantics

This contains major changes to the compiler, bootstrap of the platforms
and test environment initialization.

Main part of #10043
Closes #10164

BREAKING CHANGE:
- Semantics and name of `@AppModule` (now `@NgModule`) changed quite a bit.
  This is actually not breaking as `@AppModules` were not part of rc.4.
  We will have detailed docs on `@NgModule` separately.
- `coreLoadAndBootstrap` and `coreBootstrap` can't be used any more (without migration support).
  Use `bootstrapModule` / `bootstrapModuleFactory` instead.
- All Components listed in routes have to be part of the `declarations` of an NgModule.
  Either directly on the bootstrap module / lazy loaded module, or in an NgModule imported by them.

test-main.js

@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ System.import('@angular/core/testing')
     return System.import('@angular/platform-browser-dynamic/testing')
       .then(function(browserTesting) {
          coreTesting.initTestEnvironment(
-           browserTesting.BrowserDynamicTestModule,
-           browserTesting.browserDynamicTestPlatform());
+           browserTesting.BrowserDynamicTestingModule,
+           browserTesting.browserDynamicTestingPlatform());
       });
   })
 .then(function() {