fix(ivy): set LOCALE_ID when using the injector (#31566)

In `BrowserModule` the value of `LOCALE_ID` is defined in the `APPLICATION_MODULE_PROVIDERS` after `APP_INITIALIZER` has run.
This PR ensures that `LOCALE_ID` is also set for ivy at the same moment which allows the application to fetch the locale from a backend (for example).

Fixes #31465

FW-1436 #resolve

PR Close #31566

packages/core/src/i18n/localization.ts

@@ -29,3 +29,8 @@ export function getPluralCase(value: any, locale: string): string {
       return 'other';
   }
 }
+
+/**
+ * The locale id that the application is using by default (for translations and ICU expressions).
+ */
+export const DEFAULT_LOCALE_ID = 'en-US';