refactor(compiler-cli): linker - add Babel plugin, FileLinker and initial PartialLinkers (#39116)

This commit adds the basic building blocks for linking partial declarations.
In particular it provides a generic `FileLinker` class that delegates to
a set of (not yet implemented) `PartialLinker` classes.

The Babel plugin makes use of this `FileLinker` providing concrete classes
for `AstHost` and `AstFactory` that work with Babel AST. It can be created
with the following code:

```ts
const plugin = createEs2015LinkerPlugin({ /* options */ });
```

PR Close #39116

packages/compiler-cli/linker/BUILD.bazel

@@ -8,11 +8,8 @@ ts_library(
         "src/**/*.ts",
     ]),
     deps = [
+        "//packages/compiler",
         "//packages/compiler-cli/src/ngtsc/translator",
-        "@npm//@babel/core",
-        "@npm//@babel/types",
-        "@npm//@types/babel__core",
-        "@npm//@types/babel__traverse",
         "@npm//typescript",
     ],
 )