feat(testing): add implicit test module

Every test now has an implicit module. It can be configured via `configureModule` (from @angular/core/testing)
to add providers, directives, pipes, ...

The compiler now has to be configured separately via `configureCompiler` (from @angular/core/testing)
to add providers or define whether to use jit.

BREAKING CHANGE:
- Application providers can no longer inject compiler internals (i.e. everything
  from `@angular/compiler). Inject `Compiler` instead. This reflects the
  changes to `bootstrap` for module support (3f55aa609f).
- Compiler providers can no longer be added via `addProviders` / `withProviders`.
  Use the new method `configureCompiler` instead.
- Platform directives / pipes need to be provided via
  `configureModule` and can no longer be provided via the
  `PLATFORM_PIPES` / `PLATFORM_DIRECTIVES` tokens.
- `setBaseTestProviders()` was renamed into `initTestEnvironment` and 
  now takes a `PlatformRef` and a factory for a
  `Compiler`.
- E.g. for the browser platform:
  
  BEFORE:
  ```
  import {setBaseTestProviders} from ‘@angular/core/testing’;
  import {TEST_BROWSER_DYNAMIC_PLATFORM_PROVIDERS,
      TEST_BROWSER_DYNAMIC_APPLICATION_PROVIDERS} from ‘@angular/platform-browser-dynamic/testing’;
  
  setBaseTestProviders(TEST_BROWSER_DYNAMIC_PLATFORM_PROVIDERS,
      TEST_BROWSER_DYNAMIC_APPLICATION_PROVIDERS);   
  ```

  AFTER:
  ```
  import {setBaseTestProviders} from ‘@angular/core/testing’;
  import {browserTestCompiler, browserDynamicTestPlatform,
      BrowserDynamicTestModule} from ‘@angular/platform-browser-dynamic/testing’;
  
  initTestEnvironment(
      browserTestCompiler,
      browserDynamicTestPlatform(),
      BrowserDynamicTestModule);

  ```
- E.g. for the server platform:
  
  BEFORE:
  ```
  import {setBaseTestProviders} from ‘@angular/core/testing’;
  import {TEST_SERVER_PLATFORM_PROVIDERS,
      TEST_SERVER_APPLICATION_PROVIDERS} from ‘@angular/platform-server/testing/server’;
  
  setBaseTestProviders(TEST_SERVER_PLATFORM_PROVIDERS,
      TEST_SERVER_APPLICATION_PROVIDERS);   
  ```

  AFTER:
  ```
  import {setBaseTestProviders} from ‘@angular/core/testing’;
  import {serverTestCompiler, serverTestPlatform,
      ServerTestModule} from ‘@angular/platform-browser-dynamic/testing’;
  
  initTestEnvironment(
      serverTestCompiler,
      serverTestPlatform(),
      ServerTestModule);

  ```

Related to #9726
Closes #9846

modules/@angular/compiler/test/directive_normalizer_spec.ts

@@ -12,18 +12,19 @@ import {DirectiveNormalizer} from '@angular/compiler/src/directive_normalizer';
 import {XHR} from '@angular/compiler/src/xhr';
 import {MockXHR} from '@angular/compiler/testing/xhr_mock';
 import {ViewEncapsulation} from '@angular/core/src/metadata/view';
+import {configureCompiler} from '@angular/core/testing';
 import {beforeEach, beforeEachProviders, ddescribe, describe, expect, iit, inject, it, xit} from '@angular/core/testing/testing_internal';
 import {AsyncTestCompleter} from '@angular/core/testing/testing_internal';
 
 import {SpyXHR} from './spies';
-import {TEST_PROVIDERS} from './test_bindings';
+import {TEST_COMPILER_PROVIDERS} from './test_bindings';
 
 export function main() {
   describe('DirectiveNormalizer', () => {
     var dirType: CompileTypeMetadata;
     var dirTypeWithHttpUrl: CompileTypeMetadata;
 
-    beforeEachProviders(() => TEST_PROVIDERS);
+    beforeEach(() => { configureCompiler({providers: TEST_COMPILER_PROVIDERS}); });
 
     beforeEach(() => {
       dirType = new CompileTypeMetadata({moduleUrl: 'package:some/module/a.js', name: 'SomeComp'});
@@ -179,7 +180,7 @@ export function main() {
 
     describe('normalizeExternalStylesheets', () => {
 
-      beforeEachProviders(() => [{provide: XHR, useClass: SpyXHR}]);
+      beforeEach(() => { configureCompiler({providers: [{provide: XHR, useClass: SpyXHR}]}); });
 
       it('should load an external stylesheet',
          inject(