feat(testing): add implicit test module

Every test now has an implicit module. It can be configured via `configureModule` (from @angular/core/testing)
to add providers, directives, pipes, ...

The compiler now has to be configured separately via `configureCompiler` (from @angular/core/testing)
to add providers or define whether to use jit.

BREAKING CHANGE:
- Application providers can no longer inject compiler internals (i.e. everything
  from `@angular/compiler). Inject `Compiler` instead. This reflects the
  changes to `bootstrap` for module support (3f55aa609f).
- Compiler providers can no longer be added via `addProviders` / `withProviders`.
  Use the new method `configureCompiler` instead.
- Platform directives / pipes need to be provided via
  `configureModule` and can no longer be provided via the
  `PLATFORM_PIPES` / `PLATFORM_DIRECTIVES` tokens.
- `setBaseTestProviders()` was renamed into `initTestEnvironment` and 
  now takes a `PlatformRef` and a factory for a
  `Compiler`.
- E.g. for the browser platform:
  
  BEFORE:
  ```
  import {setBaseTestProviders} from ‘@angular/core/testing’;
  import {TEST_BROWSER_DYNAMIC_PLATFORM_PROVIDERS,
      TEST_BROWSER_DYNAMIC_APPLICATION_PROVIDERS} from ‘@angular/platform-browser-dynamic/testing’;
  
  setBaseTestProviders(TEST_BROWSER_DYNAMIC_PLATFORM_PROVIDERS,
      TEST_BROWSER_DYNAMIC_APPLICATION_PROVIDERS);   
  ```

  AFTER:
  ```
  import {setBaseTestProviders} from ‘@angular/core/testing’;
  import {browserTestCompiler, browserDynamicTestPlatform,
      BrowserDynamicTestModule} from ‘@angular/platform-browser-dynamic/testing’;
  
  initTestEnvironment(
      browserTestCompiler,
      browserDynamicTestPlatform(),
      BrowserDynamicTestModule);

  ```
- E.g. for the server platform:
  
  BEFORE:
  ```
  import {setBaseTestProviders} from ‘@angular/core/testing’;
  import {TEST_SERVER_PLATFORM_PROVIDERS,
      TEST_SERVER_APPLICATION_PROVIDERS} from ‘@angular/platform-server/testing/server’;
  
  setBaseTestProviders(TEST_SERVER_PLATFORM_PROVIDERS,
      TEST_SERVER_APPLICATION_PROVIDERS);   
  ```

  AFTER:
  ```
  import {setBaseTestProviders} from ‘@angular/core/testing’;
  import {serverTestCompiler, serverTestPlatform,
      ServerTestModule} from ‘@angular/platform-browser-dynamic/testing’;
  
  initTestEnvironment(
      serverTestCompiler,
      serverTestPlatform(),
      ServerTestModule);

  ```

Related to #9726
Closes #9846

modules/@angular/core/src/linker/compiler.ts

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
  * found in the LICENSE file at https://angular.io/license
  */
 
+import {Injector} from '../di';
 import {BaseException} from '../facade/exceptions';
 import {ConcreteType, Type, stringify} from '../facade/lang';
 import {AppModuleMetadata} from '../metadata/app_module';
@@ -14,6 +15,17 @@ import {AppModuleFactory} from './app_module_factory';
 import {ComponentFactory} from './component_factory';
 
 
+/**
+ * Indicates that a component is still being loaded in a synchronous compile.
+ *
+ * @stable
+ */
+export class ComponentStillLoadingError extends BaseException {
+  constructor(public compType: Type) {
+    super(`Can't compile synchronously as ${stringify(compType)} is still being loaded!`);
+  }
+}
+
 /**
  * Low-level service for running the angular compiler duirng runtime
  * to create {@link ComponentFactory}s, which
@@ -25,6 +37,13 @@ import {ComponentFactory} from './component_factory';
  * @stable
  */
 export class Compiler {
+  /**
+   * Returns the injector with which the compiler has been created.
+   */
+  get injector(): Injector {
+    throw new BaseException(`Runtime compiler is not loaded. Tried to read the injector.`);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Loads the template and styles of a component and returns the associated `ComponentFactory`.
    */
@@ -34,7 +53,8 @@ export class Compiler {
   }
   /**
    * Compiles the given component. All templates have to be either inline or compiled via
-   * `compileComponentAsync` before.
+   * `compileComponentAsync` before. Otherwise throws a {@link
+   * CompileSyncComponentStillLoadingError}.
    */
   compileComponentSync<T>(component: ConcreteType<T>): ComponentFactory<T> {
     throw new BaseException(
@@ -43,7 +63,7 @@ export class Compiler {
   /**
    * Compiles the given App Module. All templates of the components listed in `precompile`
    * have to be either inline or compiled before via `compileComponentAsync` /
-   * `compileAppModuleAsync`.
+   * `compileAppModuleAsync`. Otherwise throws a {@link CompileSyncComponentStillLoadingError}.
    */
   compileAppModuleSync<T>(moduleType: ConcreteType<T>, metadata: AppModuleMetadata = null):
       AppModuleFactory<T> {