feat(testing): add implicit test module

Every test now has an implicit module. It can be configured via `configureModule` (from @angular/core/testing)
to add providers, directives, pipes, ...

The compiler now has to be configured separately via `configureCompiler` (from @angular/core/testing)
to add providers or define whether to use jit.

BREAKING CHANGE:
- Application providers can no longer inject compiler internals (i.e. everything
  from `@angular/compiler). Inject `Compiler` instead. This reflects the
  changes to `bootstrap` for module support (3f55aa609f).
- Compiler providers can no longer be added via `addProviders` / `withProviders`.
  Use the new method `configureCompiler` instead.
- Platform directives / pipes need to be provided via
  `configureModule` and can no longer be provided via the
  `PLATFORM_PIPES` / `PLATFORM_DIRECTIVES` tokens.
- `setBaseTestProviders()` was renamed into `initTestEnvironment` and 
  now takes a `PlatformRef` and a factory for a
  `Compiler`.
- E.g. for the browser platform:
  
  BEFORE:
  ```
  import {setBaseTestProviders} from ‘@angular/core/testing’;
  import {TEST_BROWSER_DYNAMIC_PLATFORM_PROVIDERS,
      TEST_BROWSER_DYNAMIC_APPLICATION_PROVIDERS} from ‘@angular/platform-browser-dynamic/testing’;
  
  setBaseTestProviders(TEST_BROWSER_DYNAMIC_PLATFORM_PROVIDERS,
      TEST_BROWSER_DYNAMIC_APPLICATION_PROVIDERS);   
  ```

  AFTER:
  ```
  import {setBaseTestProviders} from ‘@angular/core/testing’;
  import {browserTestCompiler, browserDynamicTestPlatform,
      BrowserDynamicTestModule} from ‘@angular/platform-browser-dynamic/testing’;
  
  initTestEnvironment(
      browserTestCompiler,
      browserDynamicTestPlatform(),
      BrowserDynamicTestModule);

  ```
- E.g. for the server platform:
  
  BEFORE:
  ```
  import {setBaseTestProviders} from ‘@angular/core/testing’;
  import {TEST_SERVER_PLATFORM_PROVIDERS,
      TEST_SERVER_APPLICATION_PROVIDERS} from ‘@angular/platform-server/testing/server’;
  
  setBaseTestProviders(TEST_SERVER_PLATFORM_PROVIDERS,
      TEST_SERVER_APPLICATION_PROVIDERS);   
  ```

  AFTER:
  ```
  import {setBaseTestProviders} from ‘@angular/core/testing’;
  import {serverTestCompiler, serverTestPlatform,
      ServerTestModule} from ‘@angular/platform-browser-dynamic/testing’;
  
  initTestEnvironment(
      serverTestCompiler,
      serverTestPlatform(),
      ServerTestModule);

  ```

Related to #9726
Closes #9846

modules/@angular/platform-browser-dynamic/test/xhr/xhr_cache_spec.ts

@@ -7,15 +7,16 @@
  */
 
 import {UrlResolver, XHR} from '@angular/compiler';
+import {TestComponentBuilder} from '@angular/compiler/testing';
 import {Component, provide} from '@angular/core';
+import {configureCompiler, fakeAsync, flushMicrotasks, tick} from '@angular/core/testing';
 import {beforeEach, beforeEachProviders, ddescribe, describe, iit, inject, it, xit} from '@angular/core/testing/testing_internal';
 import {AsyncTestCompleter} from '@angular/core/testing/testing_internal';
-
-import {fakeAsync, flushMicrotasks, tick,} from '@angular/core/testing';
-import {TestComponentBuilder} from '@angular/compiler/testing';
 import {expect} from '@angular/platform-browser/testing/matchers';
+
 import {BaseException} from '../../src/facade/exceptions';
 import {CachedXHR} from '../../src/xhr/xhr_cache';
+
 import {setTemplateCache} from './xhr_cache_setter';
 
 export function main() {
@@ -26,10 +27,14 @@ export function main() {
       setTemplateCache({'test.html': '<div>Hello</div>'});
       return new CachedXHR();
     }
-    beforeEachProviders(() => [{provide: UrlResolver, useClass: TestUrlResolver}, {
-                          provide: XHR,
-                          useFactory: createCachedXHR
-                        }]);
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      configureCompiler({
+        providers: [
+          {provide: UrlResolver, useClass: TestUrlResolver},
+          {provide: XHR, useFactory: createCachedXHR}
+        ]
+      });
+    });
 
     it('should throw exception if $templateCache is not found', () => {
       setTemplateCache(null);