perf(ivy): template type-check the entire program in 1 file if possible (#29698)

The template type-checking engine previously would assemble a type-checking
program by inserting Type Check Blocks (TCBs) into existing user files. This
approach proved expensive, as TypeScript has to re-parse and re-type-check
those files when processing the type-checking program.

Instead, a far more performant approach is to augment the program with a
single type-checking file, into which all TCBs are generated. Additionally,
type constructors are also inlined into this file.

This is not always possible - both TCBs and type constructors can sometimes
require inlining into user code, particularly if bound generic type
parameters are present, so the approach taken is actually a hybrid. These
operations are inlined if necessary, but are otherwise generated in a single
file.

It is critically important that the original program also include an empty
version of the type-checking file, otherwise the shape of the two programs
will be different and TypeScript will throw away all the old program
information. This leads to a painfully slow type checking pass, on the same
order as the original program creation. A shim to generate this file in the
original program is therefore added.

Testing strategy: this commit is largely a refactor with no externally
observable behavioral differences, and thus no tests are needed.

PR Close #29698

packages/compiler-cli/test/ngtsc/template_typecheck_spec.ts

@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ describe('ngtsc type checking', () => {
       selector: 'test',
       template: '<div *ngFor="let user of users">{{user.does_not_exist}}</div>',
     })
-    class TestCmp {
+    export class TestCmp {
       users: {name: string}[];
     }
 
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ describe('ngtsc type checking', () => {
       declarations: [TestCmp],
       imports: [CommonModule],
     })
-    class Module {}
+    export class Module {}
     `);
 
     const diags = env.driveDiagnostics();