build: replace @types/trusted-types dep with minimal type defs (#39211)

The @types/trusted-types type definitions are currently imported in
types.d.ts, which causes them to eventually be imported in core.d.ts.
This forces anyone compiling against @angular/core to provide the
@types/trusted-types package in their compilation unit, which we don't
want.

To address this, get rid of the @types/trusted-types and instead import
a minimal version of the Trusted Types type definitions directly into
Angular's codebase.

Update the existing references to Trusted Types to point to the new
definitions.

PR Close #39211

packages/types.d.ts

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
 // This file contains all ambient imports needed to compile the packages/ source code
 
 /// <reference types="hammerjs" />
-/// <reference types="trusted-types" />
 /// <reference lib="es2015" />
 /// <reference path="./goog.d.ts" />
 /// <reference path="./system.d.ts" />