refactor(ivy): update the compiler to emit $localize tags (#31609)

This commit changes the Angular compiler (ivy-only) to generate `$localize`
tagged strings for component templates that use `i18n` attributes.

BREAKING CHANGE

Since `$localize` is a global function, it must be included in any applications
that use i18n. This is achieved by importing the `@angular/localize` package
into an appropriate bundle, where it will be executed before the renderer
needs to call `$localize`. For CLI based projects, this is best done in
the `polyfills.ts` file.

```ts
import '@angular/localize';
```

For non-CLI applications this could be added as a script to the index.html
file or another suitable script file.

PR Close #31609

packages/compiler-cli/src/transformers/node_emitter.ts

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
  */
 
 import {AssertNotNull, BinaryOperator, BinaryOperatorExpr, BuiltinMethod, BuiltinVar, CastExpr, ClassStmt, CommaExpr, CommentStmt, ConditionalExpr, DeclareFunctionStmt, DeclareVarStmt, ExpressionStatement, ExpressionVisitor, ExternalExpr, ExternalReference, FunctionExpr, IfStmt, InstantiateExpr, InvokeFunctionExpr, InvokeMethodExpr, JSDocCommentStmt, LiteralArrayExpr, LiteralExpr, LiteralMapExpr, NotExpr, ParseSourceFile, ParseSourceSpan, PartialModule, ReadKeyExpr, ReadPropExpr, ReadVarExpr, ReturnStatement, Statement, StatementVisitor, StmtModifier, ThrowStmt, TryCatchStmt, TypeofExpr, WrappedNodeExpr, WriteKeyExpr, WritePropExpr, WriteVarExpr} from '@angular/compiler';
+import {LocalizedString} from '@angular/compiler/src/output/output_ast';
 import * as ts from 'typescript';
 
 import {error} from './util';
@@ -535,6 +536,10 @@ export class NodeEmitterVisitor implements StatementVisitor, ExpressionVisitor {
 
   visitLiteralExpr(expr: LiteralExpr) { return this.record(expr, createLiteral(expr.value)); }
 
+  visitLocalizedString(expr: LocalizedString, context: any) {
+    throw new Error('localized strings are not supported in pre-ivy mode.');
+  }
+
   visitExternalExpr(expr: ExternalExpr) {
     return this.record(expr, this._visitIdentifier(expr.value));
   }