refactor(ivy): update the compiler to emit $localize tags (#31609)

This commit changes the Angular compiler (ivy-only) to generate `$localize`
tagged strings for component templates that use `i18n` attributes.

BREAKING CHANGE

Since `$localize` is a global function, it must be included in any applications
that use i18n. This is achieved by importing the `@angular/localize` package
into an appropriate bundle, where it will be executed before the renderer
needs to call `$localize`. For CLI based projects, this is best done in
the `polyfills.ts` file.

```ts
import '@angular/localize';
```

For non-CLI applications this could be added as a script to the index.html
file or another suitable script file.

PR Close #31609

packages/core/src/core.ts

@@ -37,3 +37,14 @@ export * from './core_render3_private_export';
 export {SecurityContext} from './sanitization/security';
 export {Sanitizer} from './sanitization/sanitizer';
 export * from './codegen_private_exports';
+
+import {global} from './util/global';
+if (ngDevMode) {
+  // This helper is to give a reasonable error message to people upgrading to v9 that have not yet
+  // installed `@angular/localize` in their app.
+  // tslint:disable-next-line: no-toplevel-property-access
+  global.$localize = global.$localize || function() {
+    throw new Error(
+        'The global function `$localize` is missing. Please add `import \'@angular/localize\';` to your polyfills.ts file.');
+  };
+}