fix(ivy): errors not being logged to ErrorHandler (#28447)

Fixes Ivy not passing thrown errors along to the `ErrorHandler`.

**Note:** the failing test had to be reworked a little bit, because it has some assertions that depend on an error context being logged, however Ivy doesn't keep track of the error context.

This PR resolves FW-840.

PR Close #28447

packages/core/test/bundling/todo/bundle.golden_symbols.json

@@ -50,12 +50,24 @@
   {
     "name": "EMPTY_OBJ"
   },
+  {
+    "name": "ERROR_DEBUG_CONTEXT"
+  },
+  {
+    "name": "ERROR_LOGGER"
+  },
+  {
+    "name": "ERROR_ORIGINAL_ERROR"
+  },
   {
     "name": "ElementRef"
   },
   {
     "name": "EmptyErrorImpl"
   },
+  {
+    "name": "ErrorHandler"
+  },
   {
     "name": "FLAGS"
   },
@@ -491,6 +503,9 @@
   {
     "name": "decreaseElementDepthCount"
   },
+  {
+    "name": "defaultErrorLogger"
+  },
   {
     "name": "defaultScheduler"
   },
@@ -641,6 +656,9 @@
   {
     "name": "getCurrentView"
   },
+  {
+    "name": "getDebugContext"
+  },
   {
     "name": "getDirectiveDef"
   },
@@ -656,6 +674,9 @@
   {
     "name": "getElementDepthCount"
   },
+  {
+    "name": "getErrorLogger"
+  },
   {
     "name": "getHighestElementOrICUContainer"
   },
@@ -722,6 +743,9 @@
   {
     "name": "getOrCreateTView"
   },
+  {
+    "name": "getOriginalError"
+  },
   {
     "name": "getParentInjectorIndex"
   },
@@ -803,6 +827,9 @@
   {
     "name": "getValue"
   },
+  {
+    "name": "handleError"
+  },
   {
     "name": "hasClassInput"
   },